The Evolvement of Linux

  • Unix was developed by Ken Thompson at Bell Laboratories, a division of AT&T, in 1969.
  • Linus Torvalds was born in a Swedish-speaking family in Helsinki, Finland, in 1969.
  • C programming language was created by Dennis Ritchie in 1970.
  • Unix 7th edition was released in January 1979.
  • 3BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), the first full distribution of BSD, was released in December 1979.
  • System III, produced by AT&T’s Unix Support Group, was released in 1981.
  • System V followed in 1983.
  • Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to support the GNU (GNU is not UNIX) project.
  • System V Release 4 (SVR4) was released in 1989.
  • Unix variants in the 1980s: Sun’s Solaris, IBM’s AIX, HP’s HP-UX, NeXT’s NeXTStep, Apple’s A/UX, and SCO’s XENIX.
  • Minix, as a tool for teaching OS, was developed in 1987 by Andrew Tanenbaum, a university professor in Holland.
  • The initial Linux Kernel 0.02 was announced in the comp.os.minix Usenet newsgroup by Linux Torvalds on October 5, 1991.
  • The first release of Linux Kernel version 1.0 was in March 1994.
  • The latest release of the Linux Kernel is 6.7.1 as of January 25, 2024.
Linux distros tree (Source: Wikipedia)

References

ISC2 CGRC Exam Highlights

NIST RMF (Source: NIST)

With 20 study hours or so, I passed the ISC2 CGRC (formerly known as CAP) exam today (Jan 9, 2024). As a CISSP, I was reluctant to pursue the entry-level exam CC and US government-specific CGRC/CAP because CISSP covers job practices well enough. However, as a CISSP instructor, I must wear the same shoes to prove to my students that CC is a fantastic starter and a significant milestone in the CISSP journey. Moreover, CGRC is a good personal goal for learning and growth in 2024.

Having completed the exam today, I’d like to thank Nancy Allen, also a CGRC holder, who inspired me to push forward to both CGRC and CC. She is quite active in the community and passionate about sharing and helping people. Thank you so much for your contributions and advancing the profession!

I’m thankful for Prabh Nair‘s valuable sharing, How to Prepare for CGRC 2024. He summarized key points for CGRC aspirants and provided effective guidance.

I am grateful to Fadi Sodah (aka Madunix), author of the CISSP Process Guide, for his ongoing quality write-ups. Even though Fadi is undergoing a disease recovery, he keeps writing and helping people. He inspired and motivated me a lot when I was suffering challenges. Thank you, Fadi!

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Common Business Terminologies

Source: THEIIO

A business is an entity with the capability of performing various functions that add value by transforming incoming things into outgoing results to deliver products and services. A business function comprises one or more processes, which can be broken down into minor activities and tasks. Activities can be assigned to the role level and tasks at the individual level.

Source: ptc

An individual takes actions, step by step, per the standard operating procedure (SOP) to complete a task. The term operations means that a business exercises its capabilities to perform a combination of business functions to deliver products and services continuously.

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